VOLUME 2, ISSUE 8, AUGUST 2025

Abstract: In this paper, a two-output direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS) is designed to generate two sinusoidal signals: one with a reference signal with a zero initial phase, and the other with a phase control within a range of 0 to 360 degrees at a 45-degree angle. The first signal has two frequencies of 1 MHz or 2 MHz, while the second signal has three frequencies of 1 MHz , 2 MHz or 3 MHz .
The purpose of this design is to obtain Lissajous Figures for the frequency ratio between the first signal and the second signal is (1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 2/3), and the initial phase values of the second signal for each ratio takes the values (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315) degrees.
Also, we discuss a practical mechanism of a dual-output direct digital frequency synthesizer (DODDFS) using Cyclone II EP2C20F484C7 FPGA from ALTERA placed on education and development board DE-1 with the following parameters: -Output waveforms: sinusoidal.
-Frequency range: (3Hz…..10 MHz).
-Frequency Resolution (3Hz).
-Signal amplitude (5V).
-With Reset of the DODDFS.
-Frequency of the generated signal for all types signals: (1 MHz, 2 MHz, 3 MHz).
-Phase shifts: (0,45,90,135,180,225,270,315) degrees.

Keywords: Lissajous Figures, DDFS, DODDFS, FPGA.

Abstract: Humanism as an idea and doctrine has western origin. It came up as a movement against the pessimistic attitude developed with man as the consequence of the second world-war. The sixteenth century humanism is known as renaissance humanism which attempted in reminding man regarding his potency and creativity to face the life with optimistic attitude. But humanism in the doctrinal form came up as the reaction against religious authoritarianism and supernaturalism in twentieth century (1907) in the writings of Schiller (F. C. S). It was followed by other notable humanists like, Falconer (1924), A.H. Dakin (1939), Garhringer (1955), Julian Huxley (1961), Corliss Lamont (1965) etc. In the same century two Indian thinkers have also advocated in support of humanistic doctrines, namely, scientific humanism and new humanism. The former has been advocated by J. Nehru (1946) and the later by M. N. Roy (1981). The paper aims at the exposition and analysis of such two Indian humanistic doctrines.

Keywords: Democracy, Socialism, Human potency and dignity, revolution, Scientific temper.

Abstract: With the abundance of online information available today, there are numerous opportunities and challenges that arise for both consumers and internet users alike. Managing customer satisfaction is a critical performance indicator for running a successful business. Opinion Mining, also called as sentiment analysis, is the method of digitally assessing public feelings, emotions, opinions, and services. This text mining technique and natural language processing are used to automatically extract, classify, and summarize sentiments and feelings expressed in online text. This study focuses on subjective terms in the user opinions collected from microblogging sites and analyses the semantic orientation of reviews to identify and classify negations, intensifiers, slang words, and emoticons. This study proposes an improved lexicon- based dictionary approach using a rule-based classification scheme to enhance the accuracy of opinion mining on Big Data. To test the efficiency of the research work, user reviews in four domains - mobile, health, electronic, and vehicle - were analysed using Twitter datasets.

Keywords: Opinion Mining, Microblog data, Negations, Intensifiers, Big Data.

Abstract: In the current digital era,mining the user opinions has gained substantial attention due to the growing volume of social media contentand the availability of massive data sources. The rise of big data technologies has enabled more advanced sentiment analysis by combining multiple analytical approaches. Thisstudyprovides a comprehensivereview of recent developmentsin sentiment analysis. This paper explores various sentiment analysis techniques,including lexicon-driven models, machine learning algorithms, and rule-oriented method along with methods for managing negations and intensifiers commonly known as modifiers.This study also highlights the main challenges and outlinesfuture research directions for opinion mining. The aim is to offer a comprehensive understanding of recent trends and developments in opinion mining serving as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners.

Keywords: opinion mining, social media content, lexicon-based, big data.

Abstract: The integration of innovative technologies and eco-conscious design principles in smart and sustainable buildings marks a significant shift in architectural and construction practices. These structures leverage advanced systems, renewable energy, and sustainable materials to reduce environmental impact while improving occupant health and productivity. Strategic deployment of IoT devices, automation, and data analysis enhances building efficiency, lowers operational costs, and promotes resource conservation. Sustainable features like rainwater collection, green spaces, and recycled materials contribute to reduced carbon footprints. Environmentally informed decision-making, life cycle evaluations, and energy simulations guide this approach. Passive design elements, such as natural airflow and daylight utilization, minimize energy requirements. The incorporation of sustainable materials, waste minimization strategies, and intelligent building systems ensures long-term viability. Pursuing certifications like LEED or BREEAM sets sustainability standards, while ongoing performance monitoring enables continuous improvement. As cities face increasing environmental and energy challenges, integrating smart technologies with sustainable practices in building design is essential for creating resilient and eco-friendly urban infrastructure.

Keywords: Smart Buildings, Sustainable Design, Energy Efficiency, Green Construction, 5. Renewable Energy. n

Abstract: The romantic relationships of Generation Z reflect a complex interplay between digital technology, evolving social norms, and shifting emotional priorities. Born into an era dominated by smartphones, social media, and dating apps, Gen Z approaches love and intimacy differently than previous generations. This article explores how dating apps have transformed relationship formation into a game of swipes and choices, fostering a culture where commitment is often avoided and emotional vulnerability is scarce. The rise of “situationships” and non-traditional relationship models demonstrates a preference for flexibility over labels, yet often results in confusion and emotional ambiguity. Social media’s curated realities further distort expectations, contributing to fleeting connections and frequent heartbreaks. Mental health concerns, including anxiety and loneliness, are intertwined with these dating patterns, underscoring the psychological impact of contemporary romantic dynamics. Despite these challenges, Gen Z exhibits a strong desire for authenticity, emotional intelligence, and meaningful connection, signaling a nuanced negotiation between digital convenience and genuine intimacy. This article synthesizes current research and cultural observations to provide insight into the paradox of love in the digital age, where fooling around in the name of love often masks deeper fears and aspirations for connection.

Keywords: Gen Z relationships, Digital dating generation, Modern love and dating apps, Love and technology, Swipe culture and relationships.

Abstract: Nowadays student attendance tracking is very important for improving academic outcomes, promoting student engagement, and enhancing overall school and or college operations. However, most of the existing systems are using single-authentication mechanism for example Biometric or GPS for attendance tracking. This paper presents a dual- authentication mechanism by integrating facial recognition and geo-location verification to address the limitations of traditional and or single-factor attendance mechanisms. The proposed system uses computer vision techniques to detect and recognise faces in real time and also uses GPS-based distance estimates from pre-defined classroom locations to verify the students' physical presence in real time. Also, the proposed system has been investigated in real time by considering one classroom of 10 students in a college campus and four sessions per day where each session is of one hour. Finally, the proposed mechanism is a reliable and flexible solution for current educational settings because of its modular construction, which enables future scalability, including interaction with institutional systems and extra biometric features.

Keywords: Biometric, RFID Tags, IoT, Smart card, Attendance management system, Geo-location, Face Recognition.

Abstract: This study explores stakeholder opinions on gender diversity within the board of directors and its influence on firm performance. Increasing female representation at the board level is widely recognized for fostering inclusive decision-making, enhancing corporate governance, and driving responsible business practices. Stakeholders generally perceive that gender-diverse boards contribute positively to both financial and non-financial aspects of firm performance, including improved corporate social responsibility (CSR), innovation, transparency, and stakeholder trust. However, the impact is context-dependent, and some opinions suggest potential inefficiencies or challenges in achieving consensus within highly diverse boards. Both Primary and Secondary data has been used for the study. The Primary data were collected from both public and private companies. The sample respondents are women directors are taken for the study as 385 by using convenient sampling method. The findings of the study shows that the most important variables considered for the Opinion towards Board of Directors on Gender Diversity is Gender diversity enhances board decision- making quality.

Keywords: Gender Diversity, Women, Board of Directors, Firm performance.

Abstract: This chapter looks at how Artificial Intelligence (AI) and educational technology can help make learning fair and inclusive for all students. Many learners face challenges in school because of disabilities, language barriers, or lack of resources. Smart learning tools can help solve these problems by offering personalized support that fits each student's needs.

AI-powered systems can adjust lessons in real time, help students learn at their own pace, and give teachers useful feedback. Tools like speech-to-text, language translation, and virtual learning environments are helping students who struggle with traditional methods of learning. These technologies are especially helpful for students with special needs, those learning in a second language, or those who do not have equal access to learning materials.

The chapter also talks about the risks of using AI, like unfair access to technology and data privacy concerns. It highlights the need for careful planning, fair policies, and inclusive designs to make sure everyone benefits from these tools.

Through real-world examples and global case studies, this chapter shows how smart learning can lead to equal learning— where all students, no matter who they are or where they come from, have a fair chance to succeed in school.

Keywords: Inclusive Education, AI in Education, Educational Technology, Equal Learning, Personalized Learning, Learning Support, Student Diversity, Digital Tools, Smart Classrooms, Technology Education for All, Equity in Learning.