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Keywords: digital filter, FIR, LPF, DDFS, FPGA.
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 4, APRIL 2025
Design and Implementation of a FIR Digital Low Pass Filter (LPF) using FPGA
Dr. Kamal Aboutabikh, Dr.Maarouf Yousef
Bridging Educational Gaps: The Role of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) in Socio-Economic Empowerment of Rural Women in India and Comparative Global Perspectives
Dr. Satish Gaikwad
Spam Email Detection Using Machine Learning
K. Meghna, J. Akash, O. Rushikesh, K. Harinath, P.V. Ramana Murthy
A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY AV ROOFINGS MARKETING
Mr. Sujith N, Dr.C Suganya
Design and Implementation of a FIR Digital High Pass Filter (HPF) using FPGA
Dr. Kamal Aboutabikh, Dr.Maarouf Yousef
A Scholarly Examination of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s Legal Reforms: Educational and Research Perspectives
Dr. Satish Gaikwad
Analysis of Social Network Ads Results using Machine Learning
K.Pramodini Aakarshitha, J.Venkata Karthik, J.Sathvik, K.Mahesh, E.Ramya Sree
AI-Driven Diagnostics: The Role of Machine Learning in Healthcare
Sumanth Somireddy
Solar Extracted Hydrogen Fuel for Benefits of Society
Dawane S. R, Rushikesh S. Kusnure, Shriram M. Ingle
MARRIAGE WITHIN THE KIN: EXAMINING THE CHANGING TRENDS OF CROSS-COUSIN MARRIAGES IN KISHTWAR
Dr. Gopal Krishan Sharma
A Comparative Study of Supervised and Unsupervised Learning Approaches
Revanth Reddy Bojja
A study on the Impact of Digital Marketing Strategies on Customer Engagement
Madhumitha N, Mrs. M. Narmada devi
A Study on the Impact of Customer Satisfaction in Sri Navaladiyan Traders
Naveen V, Mrs. A. Santhiya
Effect of Complexing Agent on the Optical Properties of Zinc Sulphide (ZnS) thin films using Chemical Bath Deposition.
Isi, P. O.,* Jeroh, D. M., Isah, J., Obiajulu, O., Ndukwe, F.O.
Abstract
Design and Implementation of a FIR Digital Low Pass Filter (LPF) using FPGA
Dr. Kamal Aboutabikh, Dr.Maarouf Yousef
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020401
Keywords: digital filter, FIR, LPF, DDFS, FPGA.
Abstract
Bridging Educational Gaps: The Role of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) in Socio-Economic Empowerment of Rural Women in India and Comparative Global Perspectives
Dr. Satish Gaikwad
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020402
Abstract: Education is a powerful tool for socio-economic empowerment, especially for marginalized rural women who face barriers to traditional learning opportunities. Open and Distance Learning (ODL) has emerged as a key solution, offering flexibility and accessibility to women constrained by socio-cultural norms, economic hardships, and geographical isolation. This research explores the impact of ODL on empowering rural women from disadvantaged backgrounds, examining how it can enhance skill development, employment opportunities, and social empowerment. By analyzing case studies, surveys, and literature, the study assesses the effectiveness of ODL in bridging the educational gap. It also identifies existing challenges within the system and proposes reforms to improve its reach and impact.
Key statistical tools such as Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and regression models are applied to examine the effectiveness of ODL in literacy enhancement and employment growth. A comparative analysis across seven countries—USA, UK, India, China, Afghanistan (underdeveloped), South Africa, and Nigeria (developing)—provides global insights into ODL’s impact. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for strengthening ODL as a sustainable model for women's empowerment.
Keywords: Open and Distance Learning, Rural Women, Socio-Economic Upliftment, Educational Equity, Gender Empowerment, Digital Divide, Employment
Key statistical tools such as Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and regression models are applied to examine the effectiveness of ODL in literacy enhancement and employment growth. A comparative analysis across seven countries—USA, UK, India, China, Afghanistan (underdeveloped), South Africa, and Nigeria (developing)—provides global insights into ODL’s impact. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for strengthening ODL as a sustainable model for women's empowerment.
Keywords: Open and Distance Learning, Rural Women, Socio-Economic Upliftment, Educational Equity, Gender Empowerment, Digital Divide, Employment
Abstract
Spam Email Detection Using Machine Learning
K. Meghna, J. Akash, O. Rushikesh, K. Harinath, P.V. Ramana Murthy
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020403
Abstract: Our project focuses on a comparative analysis of spam detection models using three datasets, including two custom-built ones, to improve detection accuracy. We prepared the data using preprocessing techniques such as tokenization, stemming, and stop word removal. Various models, including RNNs, SVM, Naive Bayes, and decision trees, were trained and compared based on accuracy and precision. Our goal is to identify the most effective methodology for detecting spam emails. The results aim to enhance spam detection systems by minimizing false positives and ensuring legitimate emails reach the user. Accurate spam detection can prevent phishing, malware, and other harmful activities. Our findings can contribute to the development of more precise and efficient spam detection technologies. This study has the potential to make email communication safer and more reliable.
Keywords: Naive Bayes, spams, Logistic regression, Bag of Words, Term Frequency- Inverse Document Frequency, non-spam (ham), accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score.
Keywords: Naive Bayes, spams, Logistic regression, Bag of Words, Term Frequency- Inverse Document Frequency, non-spam (ham), accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score.
Abstract
A STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY AV ROOFINGS MARKETING
Mr. Sujith N, Dr.C Suganya
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020404
Abstract: In today's digital era, businesses are increasingly leveraging online marketing strategies to enhance their reach and brand visibility. This study examines the effectiveness of digital marketing strategies adopted by AV Roofings Marketing, focusing on various aspects such as social media marketing, search engine optimization (SEO), content marketing, paid advertisements, and customer engagement techniques. The research evaluates the impact of these strategies on lead generation, customer acquisition, and overall business growth. Key challenges such as fluctuating ad performance, conversion rate optimization, and adapting to evolving digital trends are also analyzed. The findings indicate that while AV Roofings has achieved significant improvements in online presence and brand recognition, further optimization of digital marketing efforts can enhance customer engagement and conversion rates. The study concludes with suggestions for refining digital marketing strategies to ensure sustainable business success in a competitive landscape.
Keywords: Digital Marketing, Social Media Marketing, Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Online Advertising, Content Marketing, Lead Generation, Customer Engagement, Brand Visibility, Digital Strategy, Business Growth, AV Roofings Marketing.
Keywords: Digital Marketing, Social Media Marketing, Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Online Advertising, Content Marketing, Lead Generation, Customer Engagement, Brand Visibility, Digital Strategy, Business Growth, AV Roofings Marketing.
Abstract
Design and Implementation of a FIR Digital High Pass Filter (HPF) using FPGA
Dr. Kamal Aboutabikh, Dr.Maarouf Yousef
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020405
Abstract: Digital signal filtering is used in many different fields, including communications, radar, navigation and others, because of its excellent performance and the ability to obtain accurate results using FIR and IIR filters. In this paper, we propose the design and implementation mechanism for FIR digital HPF based on the use of Cyclone II EP2C20F484C7 FPGA from ALTERA, placed on education and development board DE-1. The designed filter has the following parameters: -Clock frequency: FCLK=50 MHz.
-Sampling frequency: fsam= 2 MHz.
-Cut- off frequency of the high pass filter (HPF): fcut=100 KHz.
-Type of input signal is sinusoidal of frequency: finp1=95 KHz, finp2=97 KHz, finp3=100 KHz, finp4=150 KHz, finp5=200 KHz -The ROM capacity for the stored input signal samples is 8192X8 bits, and their values are positive within the range from (0 to 255).
-Frequency range: (0.0001 Hz…1 MHz).
-Frequency Resolution: (0.0001 Hz).
- Signal amplitude (5V).
Digital designs using FPGA allow the system to be modified and developed to obtain better results through reprogramming according to the user's desire.
Keywords: digital filter, FIR, HPF, DDFS, FPGA.
-Sampling frequency: fsam= 2 MHz.
-Cut- off frequency of the high pass filter (HPF): fcut=100 KHz.
-Type of input signal is sinusoidal of frequency: finp1=95 KHz, finp2=97 KHz, finp3=100 KHz, finp4=150 KHz, finp5=200 KHz -The ROM capacity for the stored input signal samples is 8192X8 bits, and their values are positive within the range from (0 to 255).
-Frequency range: (0.0001 Hz…1 MHz).
-Frequency Resolution: (0.0001 Hz).
- Signal amplitude (5V).
Digital designs using FPGA allow the system to be modified and developed to obtain better results through reprogramming according to the user's desire.
Keywords: digital filter, FIR, HPF, DDFS, FPGA.
Abstract
A Scholarly Examination of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s Legal Reforms: Educational and Research Perspectives
Dr. Satish Gaikwad
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020406
Abstract: Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891–1956) was a legal luminary, social reformer, and the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. His contributions to legal reforms were instrumental in shaping modern India, particularly in ensuring justice, equality, and social democracy. This paper critically examines Ambedkar's role in legal reforms from an educational, academic, and research perspective. It analyzes his contributions to constitutional development, social justice, and legal education while drawing on primary and secondary sources. The study highlights the need for continued research on his legal philosophy and its relevance in contemporary times.
Keywords: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, legal reforms, constitutional development, social justice, legal education, human rights, research.
Keywords: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, legal reforms, constitutional development, social justice, legal education, human rights, research.
Abstract
Analysis of Social Network Ads Results using Machine Learning
K.Pramodini Aakarshitha, J.Venkata Karthik, J.Sathvik, K.Mahesh, E.Ramya Sree
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020407
Abstract: With the rapid growth of digital marketing, social network advertisements have become a crucial tool for businesses to target potential customers. This study focuses on analyzing the effectiveness of social network ads using machine learning techniques. By leveraging data-driven approaches, the research aims to classify and predict user engagement with ads based on various demographic and behavioral factors. The study employs machine learning algorithms such as [mention specific algorithms used, e.g., Decision Trees, Random Forest, SVM, Neural Networks] to evaluate ad performance, optimize targeting strategies, and enhance return on investment (ROI). The findings indicate that machine learning significantly improves ad performance analysis by identifying key patterns and user preferences. This research contributes to the field of digital marketing by demonstrating how artificial intelligence can enhance advertising strategies, ultimately leading to more effective and efficient ad campaigns.
Keywords: Job Market Analysis, Predictive Modelling, Machine Learning, Salary Prediction, Data Analysis, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN), Naive Bayes, Feature Engineering,
Keywords: Job Market Analysis, Predictive Modelling, Machine Learning, Salary Prediction, Data Analysis, Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN), Naive Bayes, Feature Engineering,
Abstract
AI-Driven Diagnostics: The Role of Machine Learning in Healthcare
Sumanth Somireddy
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020408
Abstract: The healthcare field has started using artificial intelligence for diagnostics at a fast pace, which brings new possibilities to enhance diagnostic precision and streamline processes while benefiting medical results. AI systems demonstrate exceptional ability to structure electronic health record databases for quick access to vital patient information. The analysis of extensive datasets by artificial intelligence combined with its ability to detect patterns exceeding human cognition allows major developments in genomic discoveries and drug development. Through its disease-detection capabilities, AI enables health practitioners to deliver customized treatments and enhance patients' medical observation. Medical image patterns become easier to detect across multiple diagnosis stages through AI algorithm systems, which deliver better and swifter diagnosis accuracy. The incorporation of AI systems into medical choices helps speed up diagnoses and makes them more precise, thus improving patient results. AI implementation in healthcare generates several important ethical problems and practical issues that must be addressed. The application of AI in healthcare encounters problems, including the protection of patient information and algorithm discrimination and the requirement to make AI decision systems easily understandable. Healthcare systems that utilize artificial intelligence may expose patients to dangerous, unexpected results because of three critical issues, which include safety risks as well as data protection concerns alongside fair medical service distribution difficulties. The protection of patient personal information, together with healthcare data security, remains the highest priority throughout AI healthcare practices. AI systems need to follow the guidelines set by HIPAA to safeguard all patient-related sensitive data. The implementation of AI systems demands complete transparency and explainability features for both medical staff and patients to comprehend the decision-making methods.
Abstract
Solar Extracted Hydrogen Fuel for Benefits of Society
Dawane S. R, Rushikesh S. Kusnure, Shriram M. Ingle
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020409
Abstract: The aim of this project is to run the IC engine by using solar extracted (hydrogen and petrol) hybrid fuel. By using solar plate, wet HHO generator we increase efficiency and minimize the pollution. Many nations are now experiencing a large disparity between power demand and production. In 2020, developing countries such as India would face a 4.3 percent energy shortfall. There are several limitations and drawbacks connected with traditional (non-renewable) energy supplies (coal, natural gas). Conventional (non-renewable) energy sources cannot be renewed in our lifetimes, and their cost and availability are its most significant drawbacks. Non-renewable resources have the disadvantage of producing greenhouse gases and causing environmental damage as a by-product. Countries are currently focusing on renewable energy sources to fulfil the demand for power. Using HHO generator extract hydrogen and use as a fuel in IC engine. This project contain IC engine is run on hydrogen and petrol (hybrid fuel) and increases duel economy and efficiency.
Keywords: Renewable Energy, Green Hydrogen, Solar-to-Hydrogen Efficiency, Sustainable Energy
Keywords: Renewable Energy, Green Hydrogen, Solar-to-Hydrogen Efficiency, Sustainable Energy
Abstract
MARRIAGE WITHIN THE KIN: EXAMINING THE CHANGING TRENDS OF CROSS-COUSIN MARRIAGES IN KISHTWAR
Dr. Gopal Krishan Sharma
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020410
Abstract: Marriage as an social institution helps to establish a kinship bond in the society and are performed according to the prescribed rules of the society. In some cultures, it is performed outside the kin group while in others it is performed with a set category of kins like cross-cousins. Over the past few decades, however, marriage patterns have undergone significant changes worldwide. This paper explores the shifting dynamics of marriage, especially including the decline of traditional marriage, the culture of marrying cross-cousins, the rise of alternative forms of partnerships, and the factors influencing these changing patterns in the Kishtwar district of Jammu and Kashmir. The paper analyses the social, cultural, economic, and technological drivers that have contributed to this shift and discusses the implications for individuals, families, and society as a whole. These changing marriage patterns can be helpful to gain insight into the evolving nature of human relationships and adapt the societal frameworks.
Keywords: Kinship, Marriage, Cross-cousins, Patrilineal, Matrilineal, Patrilateral, Matrilateral
Keywords: Kinship, Marriage, Cross-cousins, Patrilineal, Matrilineal, Patrilateral, Matrilateral
Abstract
A Comparative Study of Supervised and Unsupervised Learning Approaches
Revanth Reddy Bojja
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020411
Abstract: Users leverage mathematical models within machine learning solutions to obtain data patterns from big datasets, which enables them to create predictive models. Supervised learning achieved its classification separation through processing labeled datasets, leading to predictive procedural rules in information processing. By employing unsupervised learning systems on untagged data, users can automatically detect normal patterns and relational patterns while also conceiving abnormal patterns. The combination of labeled data analysis using current analytical obstacles steers analysts toward selecting between supervised or unsupervised learning because these methods demand distinct analytical needs. Supervised training systems process data collections that contain target criteria by applying numerical value processing and classification-based pattern identification methods to establish correlation patterns. The model achieves operational accuracy during training phases, which enables it to predict unknown input attributes whose values have remained unidentified. Under Supervised Learning of Machine Learning, we find linear regression supporting logistic regression and support vector machines followed by decision trees with neural networks, including user-specific algorithms. All available algorithms present various associations between their interpretation potential and performance limits and their managerial characteristics. Unsupervised learning methods act as discovery tools that optimize their ability to detect patterns in unlabeled information. The self-governed model development process has no place in unsupervised learning because systems operate through autonomous means. The clustering family uses K-means clustering combined with hierarchical clustering methods together with distance metrics along with density estimation procedures to perform point matching of similar patterns for better visual understanding through principal component analysis and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). Systems that deploy semi-supervised learning frameworks benefit model learning applications since they use supervised data jointly with unsupervised algorithms while operating with or without labeled data and large amounts of unlabeled data.
Abstract
स्वास्थ्य संवर्धन में योगिक आहार की उपयोगिता
उत्कृष दीखित,डॉ0 गजानांद वानखेडे
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020412
साराांश (Abstract): वतधमान युि मेंमानव जीवन अनेक प्रकार की र्ारीररक और मानगसक समस्याओं सेग्रस्त है, गजसका मुख्य कारण अनुगित जीवनर्ैली और असंतुगलत आहार है। ऐसेमेंयोि और योगिक आहार एक प्रभावर्ाली समार्ान के रूप मेंउभर कर सामनेआए हैं। योगिक आहार के वल र्रीर का पोषण नही ंकरता, बल्कि मन और आत्मा को भी र्ुद्ध करता है। यह साल्किक, सुपाच्य, और प्राकृ गतक खाद्य पदार्थों पर आर्ाररत होता है, जो न के वल रोि प्रगतरोर्क क्षमता को बढाता है, बल्कि मानगसक ल्कथर्थरता और आध्याल्कत्मक उन्नगत मेंभी सहायक होता है। यह र्ोर् योगिक आहार की पररभाषा, उसके घटक तिोंऔर स्वास्थ्य पर पड़नेवालेप्रभावोंका गवश्लेषण करता है। अध्ययन सेस्पष्ट होता हैगक गनयगमत योि अभ्यास के सार्थ संतुगलत योगिक आहार अपनानेसेमर्ुमेह, उच्च रक्तिाप, मोटापा आगद जैसी बीमाररयोंसे बिाव संभव है। सार्थ ही यह मानगसक तनाव को भी गनयंगित करता है। आज की भािदौड़ भरी जीवनर्ैली मेंयोगिक आहार को अपनाना स्वास्थ्यसंवर्धन की गदर्ा मेंएक सर्क्त कदम है। अतः यह आवश्यक हैगक समाज योगिक आहार की उपयोगिता को समझे और उसेअपनी गदनियाधमेंर्ागमल करे, गजससेसंपूणधस्वास्थ्य की प्राल्कि संभव हो सके ।
ां जी शब्द (Keywords): योगिक आहार, स्वास्थ्य संवर्धन, साल्किक भोजन, आर्ुगनक जीवनर्ैली, मानगसक एवं र्ारीररक स्वास
ां जी शब्द (Keywords): योगिक आहार, स्वास्थ्य संवर्धन, साल्किक भोजन, आर्ुगनक जीवनर्ैली, मानगसक एवं र्ारीररक स्वास
Abstract
A study on the Impact of Digital Marketing Strategies on Customer Engagement
Madhumitha N, Mrs. M. Narmada devi
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020413
Abstract: Digital marketing has revolutionized the way businesses engage with customers, offering innovative strategies to enhance brand visibility and interaction. This study examines the impact of digital marketing strategies on customer engagement, focusing on key elements such as social media marketing, search engine optimization (SEO), content marketing, email campaigns, influencer marketing, and paid advertising. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study analyzes how these strategies influence customer interaction, brand awareness, purchasing decisions, and long-term loyalty. The findings highlight the effectiveness of personalized marketing, data- driven decision-making, and omnichannel engagement in fostering strong customer relationships. The study concludes with insights into optimizing digital marketing efforts to enhance customer engagement, retention, and overall business growth in an increasingly digital-driven marketplace.
Keywords: Digital Marketing, Customer satisfaction, engagement, social media, Target audience
Keywords: Digital Marketing, Customer satisfaction, engagement, social media, Target audience
Abstract
A Study on the Impact of Customer Satisfaction in Sri Navaladiyan Traders
Naveen V, Mrs. A. Santhiya
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020414
Abstract: Customer satisfaction and acquisition are critical factors that influence business growth and sustainability, especially in the trading sector. This study examines the impact of customer satisfaction and acquisition strategies on Sri Navaladiyan Traders, focusing on key determinants such as product quality, pricing, service efficiency, after-sales support, and customer relationship management. Additionally, the study explores customer acquisition techniques, including digital marketing, word-of-mouth referrals, promotional campaigns, and brand positioning. Through a mixed- method approach involving qualitative and quantitative analysis, the research assesses how customer satisfaction drives brand loyalty, repeat business, and customer retention, ultimately enhancing profitability. The findings highlight the significance of effective customer engagement, competitive pricing, and service excellence in building a strong customer base. The study concludes with strategic recommendations to improve customer acquisition, retention strategies, and business growth, ensuring long-term success for Sri Navaladiyan Traders.
Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, Customer Acquisition, Brand Loyalty, Product Quality, Business Growth.
Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, Customer Acquisition, Brand Loyalty, Product Quality, Business Growth.
Abstract
Effect of Complexing Agent on the Optical Properties of Zinc Sulphide (ZnS) thin films using Chemical Bath Deposition.
Isi, P. O.,* Jeroh, D. M., Isah, J., Obiajulu, O., Ndukwe, F.O.
DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020415
Abstract: Zinc sulphide thin films were deposited at room temperature by chemical bath deposition technique. The films deposited are highly uniform but poor in adherence. The optical properties were determined using the absorbance data measurement from M501 Single Beam Scanning UV/Visible Spectrophotometer at normal incidence of light, in the wavelength range of 380nm-700nm. From the results, the transmittance and reflectance were calculated. The band gap energy obtained is in the range of 3.0-3.3eV for different variations of TEA, Time and NH3. The transmittance and reflectance increase at higher concentration of complexing agent-TEA whereas the absorbance decreases. The transmittance also increases with time of deposition. Their high transmittance makes them suitable for use as an aesthetic window glass and good material for selective coatings for solar cells. The thickness of the thin films was also found to increase with time of deposition and the concentration of complexing agent-TEA. Also increase in the NH3 concentration decreases absorbance. This study explores the impact of complexing agents on the optical properties of ZnS thin films fabricated via chemical bath deposition, with the goal of enhancing their performance for optoelectronic applications.
Keywords: Chemical bath, Complexing agent, thin films, Transmittance, ZnS.
Keywords: Chemical bath, Complexing agent, thin films, Transmittance, ZnS.
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