VOLUME 2, ISSUE 2, FEBRUARY 2025

Keywords: DSB, SSB, USB, LSB, DDFS, FPGA.

Abstract: This study investigates the influence of deposition time on the structural and optical properties of copper- alloyed cadmium oxide (Cu:CdO) thin films synthesized via the solution growth technique. The films were deposited on pre-treated glass substrates at room temperature, with deposition times ranging from 30 to 150 minutes. Optical characterization revealed that the films exhibit high absorbance in the ultraviolet (UV) region, decreasing towards the near-infrared (NIR) range. The absorbance ranged from 11.69% to 27.91% (at 1100 nm) and 13.40% to 43.97% (at 300 nm), while transmittance varied from 36.33% to 51.37% (at 300 nm) and 77.94% to 52.59% (at 1100 nm), depending on deposition time. The bandgap energy was observed to decrease from 2.30 eV to 1.95 eV as deposition time increased. Film thickness increased from 102.35 nm to 490.80 nm due to prolonged material accumulation. Structural analysis confirmed the cubic phase of CdO with a preferential orientation along the (111) plane. Crystallite size increased from 22.05 nm to 29.89 nm, while dislocation density decreased from 2.15 × 10¹⁵ to 1.28 × 10¹⁵ lines/m², and microstrain reduced from 4.32 × 10⁻³ to 3.47 × 10⁻³, indicating improved film quality. These findings suggest that Cu:CdO thin films have potential applications in window coatings, thermoelectric devices, and solar energy conversion systems.

Keyword: Thin films, Solution growth, Cadmium oxide, Alloy, Copper, time deposition

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Abstract: Whole world is moving around the Information and Communication Technology (ICT). People with intellectual disability (ID) are not untouched with ICT though they are struggling with cognitive impairment and digital divide. In this context this study was conducted to find out the use of ICT by the person with ID in terms of use of computing devices including smart phone, various apps and soft skills by them. Further, the study explored the relationship between learning of ICT with their learning of functional academic and independent living skills and vice versa.

A sample of 150 individuals with ID from an age group of 14 years and above selected based on stratified random sampling. Out of 150, fifty-eight were screened of having exposure to ICT. Finally, 54 individuals with ID participated in the study. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire for collecting basic information, and ICT skill inventory for assessing ICT skill and selected domains of a standardized adaptive behaviour scale to assess functional academics and independent living skills.

The study revealed that out of total sample of 150, less than 40% with ID exposed to ICT, while half of the participants with intellectual disability are using mobile smartphones irrespective of their severity, gender and age. There was a strong relationship between ICT and independent living as well as functional academic skills irrespective of severity of disability, age and gender. Based on severity of disability, individuals with mild ID did not significantly differ on ICT skill from those have moderate and severe ID. With the increase of severity of disability, ICT skill also diminished. There was a gender bias in ICT skill as females showed poor results

Keywords: Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Persons with Intellectual Disability, Functional Academics, Independent Living Skill.

Abstract: In this paper, we propose the design and implementation mechanism for a digital amplitude demodulator based on the use of Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer (DDFS) and digital filter using Cyclone II EP2C20F484C7 FPGA from ALTERA placed on education and development board DE-1. The proposed demodulator has the following parameters: =50MHz.CLKFfrequency:Clock- / K=50000 KHz /1250 =40 KHz ).CLK: (fsam= FKHz40fsam=:frequencySampling- -Cut- off frequency of the low pass filter (LPF): fcut=2 KHz -Modulation type of signal is: AM, LSB with carrier, USB with carrier.
-The modulating signal is sinusoidal of frequency: fmod=1 KHz , fmod=1.5 KHz ( fmod<= fcut ). -Carrier type: is sinusoidal with frequency: fcar=10 KHz.
-The ROM capacity for the stored signal samples 8192X8 bits, and their values are positive within the range from 0 to 255.
-Frequency range: (3 Hz…25 MHz).
-Frequency Resolution: (3 Hz).
-Signal amplitude (5V).
-Digital designs allow the slides to modify and design development for results and better!!! through reprogramming, depending on the user's desire.

Keywords: digital amplitude demodulator ,USB , LSB , DDFS , FPGA.

Abstract: Wireless Camera Sensor Networks (WCSNs) play a pivotal role in modern surveillance and monitoring systems due to their ability to capture and transmit visual data in real-time. However, the energy constraints of sensor nodes pose significant challenges in maintaining network longevity and performance. This study conducts a comprehensive performance analysis of five clustering protocols: Mod-LEACH (Modified Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), DEEC (Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering), EDEEC (Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering), and TDEEC (Threshold Distributed Energy- Efficient Clustering) in the context of WCSNs. Each protocol is evaluated based on key performance metrics such as energy consumption, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and throughput. Mod-LEACH introduces enhancements to the standard LEACH protocol, aiming to improve energy efficiency by dynamically adjusting the cluster head election process. DEEC, EDEEC, and TDEEC employ different strategies for energy-efficient clustering and cluster head selection, with DEEC utilizing residual energy, EDEEC enhancing DEEC by incorporating balanced energy consumption, and TDEEC introducing a threshold-based approach to optimize energy distribution. Simulation results demonstrate that Mod-LEACH outperforms traditional LEACH in terms of energy conservation and network stability. DEEC, EDEEC, and TDEEC exhibit superior performance by extending the network lifetime compared to LEACH, with EDEEC achieving the most balanced energy usage across the network. TDEEC shows improved packet delivery and throughput, indicating its effectiveness in high-density networks. The analysis highlights the strengths and limitations of each protocol, providing insights into their suitability for various WCSN applications. The findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate clustering protocols to enhance the performance and sustainability of WCSNs, paving the way for future research and development in energy-efficient wireless sensor networks.

Keywords: Clustering, LEACH, Wireless Networks, Energy Efficiency, Cluster Head