VOLUME 1, ISSUE 3, NOVEMBER 2024

Abstract: Due to continuous variations of charging level batteries, connected loads can be different in electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. The linear controllers such as PI, PD, and PID does not provide smooth and regulated response in case of EV charging applications as well as power electronics collaboration. Sometimes load changes in different critical situations and EV charging stations come in instability region. Considering the reasons, this research work discusses on implementation of non-linear controllers for EV battery charging applications. This paper shows and describes the performance of non-linear Fuzzy-Logic Controller (FLC) and Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) for EV charging applications. The Fuzzy-Logic controller and slide mode controller has been developed for Split-Pi converter- based battery charging scheme, and the complete control system has been analyzed and validated by simulation study. Performances have been investigated in detail throughout checking different characteristics of both controllers. Split-Pi converter is a recently invented DC-DC converter which has great potential in the power electronics fields. Because it has less components and lower switching losses. The closed-loop operation of this converter topology has been discussed with simulation results.

Keywords: Fuzzy Logic Controller, Sliding Mode Controller, EV Battery, Charging Station, Split-Pi DC-DC Converter, Solar PV Panel.

Abstract: Spectrum spreading techniques is used in CDMA communications systems, where that each subscriber within the communication system is assigned one pseudo noise code.
The number of codes equal to the number of subscribers to the communications system.
In this paper, we discuss a practical mechanism design of the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) system which is used in CDMA communication systems by using cyclone II EP2C20F484C7 FPGA from ALTERA placed on education and development board DE-1 with the following parameters: -Clock frequency :FCLK=50MHz -Modulation type of signal is: BPSK -Frequency range is: (3Hz…..10 MHz ).
-Frequency Resolution is: (3Hz).
-Frequency of data impulses (FDATA=1KHz).
-Frequency of pseudo-noise code generator (PNCG): (FPNCG=50,100,500,1000 KHz).
-Spreading spectrum factor: KSS= (FPNCG/FDATA )=50,100,500,1000.
maximum length of PNCG for (10 bits) shift register is:{𝐿𝑃𝑁𝐶𝐺 = (210 − 1) ∗ 𝑇𝑃𝑁𝐶𝐺 } -Signal amplitude (5V).
-Computer-controlled parameters: operating frequency, Spreading spectrum factor value.
-Possibility of updating: Increasing the spreading spectrum factor, Increasing the number of bits of the pseudo-random sequence generator so that the spectrum becomes more random, change modulation type, increase the frequency range up to 20 MHz

Keywords: DSSS, CDMA, BPSK, FPGA, PNCG, DDFS, DDS, Spread spectrum.

Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) are very useful for reducing carbon emission and energy-efficient transportation. Minimization of emissions and green energy are always the demands which are regularly thriving researchers to analyze the electric transportations. Electric vehicles market is highly increasing day by day and its share will be growing even more higher in the upcoming future. AC-DC converters and DC-DC converters are needed to build up EV battery chargers and EV chargers can optimize some grid-tied operations such as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) applications structured and collaboration with bidirectional AC-DC converters. The Split-Pi converter is a recently invented DC-DC converter that can be used in EV batteries and can support V2G and G2V operation for the profits on electric vehicle uses with its bidirectional functionalities. This paper presents a detailed analysis and control of Split-Pi converter for grid-tied V2G and G2V simulations altogether, and development of battery management operation with storage of charge across supercapacitor-batteries in EVs. The energy management combination of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors can minimize cost maximizing its range, efficiency and reliability. The EV charging system employing bidirectional converter presented for grid-tied applications has been performed in the MATLAB/Simulink software. Although many topologies and ideas were modified regarding those applications, there are still some processes to identify the new methodologies. There are so many battery problems such as battery aging, power losses, and slow charging problems. Bidirectional converter-based battery and battery management topology must be taken into consideration to prevent battery problems. Both battery lifetime and efficiency can be improved by implementing this process.

Keywords: Split-Pi Bidirectional Converter, Battery Charger, Electric Vehicle, Vehicle to Grid (V2G), Grid to Vehicle (G2V), Energy Management.

Abstract: A digital society, where (nearly) everything is connected and accessible from anywhere, has been made possible by the Internet. Nevertheless, traditional IP networks are complicated and challenging to administer despite their broad use. It is challenging to set up the network with preset policies and to adjust it in response to changes, loads, and faults. The fact that the control and data planes of modern networks are bundled together adds to the difficulty of the situation. By dismantling vertical integration, separating the network's control logic from the underlying routers and switches, encouraging (logical) centralization of network control, and introducing the ability to program the network, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging paradigm that promises to change this state of affairs. The key to the desired flexibility is the separation of concerns created between the definition of network policies, how switching hardware implements those policies, and how traffic is forwarded. SDN facilitates the creation and introduction of new abstractions in networking by breaking the problem of network control into manageable chunks, thereby streamlining network management and promoting network evolution. We provide an extensive survey on SDN in this chapter. Our comprehensive examination covers the network virtualization layers, hardware infrastructure, southbound and northbound APIs, network operating systems (SDN controllers), network programming languages, and network applications. We also examine cross-layer issues like troubleshooting and debugging. To predict how this new paradigm will develop in the future, we go over the primary SDN research topics and obstacles. We specifically cover new opportunities for carrier transport networks and cloud providers, as well as the design of switches and control platforms, with an emphasis on features like resiliency, scalability, performance, security, and dependability. Finally, we examine SDN's role as a fundamental facilitator of a software-defined environment.

Keywords: OpenFlow, network virtualization, network operating systems, programmable networks, network hypervisor, programming languages.

Abstract: The insurance sector in Nepal, while having significant potential to bolster economic stability and resilience, remains underdeveloped due to persistent systemic challenges. With an insurance penetration rate of just 2.8% of GDP, Nepal lags far behind regional counterparts such as India, where the penetration rate is 7.1%. This disparity is indicative of deep-rooted issues such as low market participation, regulatory inefficiencies, a lack of consumer awareness and ambiguous legal doctrines that hinder the sector’s growth. Despite the country’s vulnerability to natural disasters, economic shocks and health crises, the insurance market continues to operate in a largely fragmented and limited capacity. This article delves into the current state of Nepal’s insurance sector in light of the Insurance Act, 2079 (2022), which governs the industry’s operations. The Act represents a step towards modernizing the regulatory environment but is marred by ambiguities and loopholes that impede its effectiveness in addressing the full spectrum of issues facing the sector. One of the primary areas of concern is the application and enforcement of key foundational insurance doctrines utmost good faith, proximate cause and indemnity which are essential for establishing fairness, transparency and trust in the insurance process. These doctrines have not been effectively codified or enforced in Nepal, leading to a range of legal disputes, fraud and consumer dissatisfaction. The article highlights the importance of integrating these doctrines more thoroughly into Nepal’s legal and regulatory framework. The principle of utmost good faith requires that both parties to an insurance contract disclose all material facts to each other, yet in Nepal, there is a lack of consumer protection in cases of non-disclosure, often leaving policyholders vulnerable to claim denials. The concept of proximate cause, which determines the direct cause of loss or damage, is frequently misinterpreted, leading to conflicting decisions on liability. Similarly, the principle of indemnity, which aims to restore the insured to their pre-loss financial position, is often poorly enforced, enabling over-insurance fraud and undermining the integrity of the system. In addition to addressing doctrinal challenges, the article proposes a comprehensive examination of global best practices from countries with more mature insurance industries, such as the UK, EU, Japan and India. By comparing Nepal’s current practices with those of these countries, the study identifies potential reforms that could help close the gap. For instance, the EU’s Solvency II framework, which mandates that insurers maintain capital proportional to their risk exposure, offers valuable lessons in risk management and financial stability that could be applied in Nepal’s context. Likewise, Japan’s public-private partnerships for catastrophe insurance particularly in relation to earthquake risks provide a model for Nepal to mitigate the financial burden of frequent natural disasters. Furthermore, the study calls for greater use of technology to modernize claims processing, enhance consumer education and streamline risk management. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in claims settlement, as demonstrated by companies like Lemonade in the USA, can reduce the time and cost involved in processing claims, thereby improving customer satisfaction and trust. Digital platforms can also facilitate easier access to insurance products, especially in rural and remote areas where financial literacy is low. The findings of this article underscore the importance of regulatory modernization, with a focus on increasing transparency, strengthening consumer protection and aligning local doctrines with global best practices. By adopting international standards and integrating technology into insurance operations, Nepal has the potential to build a more resilient, inclusive and transparent insurance ecosystem. Such reforms would not only support the growth of the insurance sector but also contribute to broader economic development, by providing individuals, businesses and the government with a robust risk management tool. Ultimately, the article argues that a comprehensive approach to regulatory reform, doctrinal clarity and technological innovation can position Nepal’s insurance sector as a cornerstone of economic stability and resilience, benefiting the country’s long-term growth and development.

Keywords: Nepal insurance sector, regulatory reforms, foundational doctrines, utmost good faith, proximate cause, indemnity, global best practices, market penetration, fraud, insurance technology, legal framework.