Abstract: Wireless Camera Sensor Networks (WCSNs) play a pivotal role in modern surveillance and monitoring sys-tems due to their ability to capture and transmit visual data in real-time. However, the energy constraints of sensor nodes pose significant challenges in maintaining network longevity and performance. This study conducts a compre-hensive performance analysis of five clustering protocols: Mod-LEACH (Modified Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), DEEC (Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering), EDEEC (Enhanced Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering), and TDEEC (Threshold Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering) in the context of WCSNs. Each protocol is evaluated based on key performance metrics such as energy consumption, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and throughput. Mod-LEACH introduces enhancements to the standard LEACH protocol, aiming to improve energy efficiency by dynamically adjusting the cluster head election process. DEEC, EDEEC, and TDEEC employ different strategies for energy-efficient clustering and cluster head selec-tion, with DEEC utilizing residual energy, EDEEC enhancing DEEC by incorporating balanced energy consumption, and TDEEC introducing a threshold-based approach to optimize energy distribution. Simulation results demonstrate that Mod-LEACH outperforms traditional LEACH in terms of energy conservation and network stability. DEEC, EDEEC, and TDEEC exhibit superior performance by extending the network lifetime compared to LEACH, with EDEEC achieving the most balanced energy usage across the network. TDEEC shows improved packet delivery and throughput, indicating its effectiveness in high-density networks. The analysis highlights the strengths and limita-tions of each protocol, providing insights into their suitability for various WCSN applications. The findings under-score the importance of selecting appropriate clustering protocols to enhance the performance and sustainability of WCSNs, paving the way for future research and development in energy-efficient wireless sensor networks.

Keywords: Clustering, LEACH, Wireless Networks, Energy Efficiency, Cluster Head

| DOI: 10.17148/IMRJR.2025.020205